Dry cargo containers, also known as general purpose (GP) containers, are the most widely used container type in global logistics and international trade. They are designed to transport a wide range of non-temperature-controlled goods, including manufactured products, machinery, textiles, packaged food, and consumer goods. While dry containers are versatile and cost-effective, improper loading practices can lead to cargo damage, safety risks, and costly claims. This guide outlines the key precautions that should be taken when loading dry cargo containers to ensure cargo safety, compliance, and transport efficiency.
1. Pre-Loading Container Inspection
Before loading begins, a thorough inspection of the container is essential. The interior must be clean, dry, and free from residual cargo, odors, oil stains, or pests. Any contamination can damage sensitive goods or violate import regulations.
Inspect the container structure for holes, cracks, corrosion, or deformation, particularly on the floor, walls, roof, and door seals. Door gaskets should be intact to prevent water ingress during transit. A damaged or unseaworthy container should never be used, as even minor defects can lead to moisture exposure, cargo shifting, or rejection by shipping lines.
2. Understanding Cargo Characteristics
Different types of cargo have different loading requirements. Before loading, it is critical to understand the cargo’s weight, dimensions, packaging strength, fragility, and sensitivity to moisture or pressure.
Heavy cargo should be placed at the bottom and evenly distributed across the container floor to avoid exceeding floor load limits or causing structural stress. Fragile goods require additional cushioning and careful positioning to prevent vibration damage during transport. Moisture-sensitive cargo may need protective packaging, desiccants, or moisture barriers to reduce the risk of condensation.
3. Proper Weight Distribution and Load Limits
One of the most important precautions in container loading is proper weight distribution. Uneven loading can cause container imbalance, leading to handling difficulties, vessel stability issues, or damage during lifting.
Cargo should be evenly spread from front to back and side to side. Avoid concentrating excessive weight near the container doors or in a single area. The total cargo weight must comply with the container’s maximum payload and the Verified Gross Mass (VGM) regulations under the SOLAS Convention. Exceeding weight limits can result in fines, shipment delays, or refusal by carriers.
4. Securing Cargo to Prevent Movement
Cargo movement during transit is a major cause of damage and accidents. Containers are exposed to rolling, pitching, vibration, and sudden braking throughout the transport chain. Proper securing methods are therefore essential.
Use dunnage, blocking, bracing, straps, air bags, or lashing bars as appropriate to stabilize the cargo. All void spaces should be filled to minimize shifting. Palletized goods should be tightly packed and shrink-wrapped when possible. Cargo near the doors should be especially well secured to prevent it from falling out when the container is opened.
5. Moisture Control and Ventilation
Moisture is a common risk in dry cargo containers, particularly during long ocean voyages or temperature fluctuations. Condensation, often referred to as “container rain,” can occur when warm, moist air cools inside the container.
To mitigate moisture risks, ensure cargo is dry before loading and avoid loading during rain whenever possible. Use moisture-absorbing desiccants or liner bags for hygroscopic cargo such as paper, textiles, or wood products. In some cases, ventilated containers or additional airflow measures may be required to reduce humidity buildup.
6. Safe Loading Practices and Personnel Protection
Safety during loading operations should never be overlooked. Loading areas must be well-lit, clean, and free from obstacles. Workers should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, safety shoes, and helmets, especially when handling heavy or sharp-edged cargo.
Forklifts and other handling equipment must be operated by trained personnel, and load capacity limits must be respected. Never allow personnel to stand beneath suspended loads or between cargo and container walls during loading. Clear communication among loading teams helps prevent accidents and ensures efficient operations.
7. Compliance with Regulations and Documentation
Dry cargo container loading must comply with international and local regulations, including customs requirements, dangerous goods restrictions, and shipping line guidelines. Certain goods may be prohibited or subject to special declarations, even if they are not classified as hazardous.
Accurate documentation is essential. Packing lists, cargo descriptions, weight declarations, and sealing information should match the actual contents of the container. Once loading is complete, the container should be properly sealed, and seal numbers should be recorded to maintain cargo security and traceability.
8. Final Checks Before Dispatch
After loading is completed, conduct a final inspection to confirm that cargo is properly secured, doors are closed correctly, and seals are intact. Verify that warning labels or handling instructions are clearly visible if required.
Taking time for a final check can prevent costly issues during transit, such as cargo damage, delays, or disputes upon arrival. A well-loaded container not only protects the cargo but also improves handling efficiency across the entire logistics chain.
Proper loading of dry cargo containers is a critical step in ensuring safe, efficient, and compliant transportation. By conducting thorough inspections, understanding cargo characteristics, controlling weight distribution, securing goods effectively, and managing moisture risks, shippers and logistics providers can significantly reduce damage and operational risks. Adhering to best practices and regulatory requirements ultimately leads to smoother shipments, lower costs, and greater customer satisfaction in global trade operations.
